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Enslaved Africans in the United States united under the ring shout, and this unity of diverse Africans in America created an African American identity. Counterclockwise circle dancing was (and is) practiced in Central and West Africa to communicate with the ancestors and for spirit possession. For example, the practice of the ring shout in Hoodoo unified diverse African ethnic groups on slave plantations. Despite this ethnic diversity on American plantations, West and Central Africans all brought from Africa their own forms of conjure that developed into the practice known as Hoodoo what united them was their use of conjure for liberation. The practice of Hoodoo unified enslaved Africans of diverse origin in America. These diverse African ethnic groups in the United States over time merged into one larger ethnic group called African-Americans who are the creators of Hoodoo. Diverse African ethnic groups from West and Central Africa all worked on the same plantations.

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'Because the African American community did not have the same medical or psychological aids as the European American society, its members were forced to rely on each other for survival.' As a result, free and enslaved African Americans relied on Hoodoo for their protection. After the arrival of diverse African ethnic groups to the United States, Hoodoo was created by enslaved African Americans for their spiritual survival as a form of resistance against slavery. The ethnic groups brought to the United States during the years of the slave trade were Akan, Ewe, Fon, Fulbe, Igbo, Kongo, MandГ©, Yoruba, and among many others. Between 16 approximately 500,000 enslaved Africans were transported to the United States. The transatlantic slave trade to the United States occurred between 16, and the illegal slave trade in the United States occurred between 18.

Origins ДЄ map of the transatlantic slave trade Background ДЄpproximately over 12 million enslaved Africans from various ethnic groups were transported to the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries ( 1514 to 1867) as part of the transatlantic slave trade. Other authors have different reasons why they capitalize or lowercase the first letter. Some authors spell Hoodoo with a capital letter to make a distinction from commercialized hoodoo which is spelled with a lowercase letter. The word has different meanings depending on how it is spelled. Recent scholarship publications spell the word with a capital letter. The word Hoodoo is sometimes spelled hoodoo. The Oxford English Dictionary cited the Sunday Appeal's definition of Hoodoo as an African dialect with practices similar to the mysteries of Obi ( Obeah) in the Caribbean. Hudu is also one of the dialects of the Ewe language of the Ewe people in West Africa. Another possible etymological origin of the word Hoodoo comes from the word Hudu which comes from the Ewe language spoken in the West African countries of Ghana and Togo. Another probable etymology is the Hausa word hu'du'ba which means resentment and retribution. The Akan word odu meaning medicine is also considered to be a possible etymological origin. Its origins are obscure but it's believed to originate as an alteration of the word voodoo вЂ“ a word that has its origin in the Ewe and Fon languages of Ghana and Benin вЂ“ referring to divinity. The first documentation of the word Hoodoo in the English language appeared in 1870.

7 Hoodoo and the Spiritual church movement.

Regional synonyms for Hoodoo include conjure or rootwork.

Practitioners of Hoodoo are called rootworkers, conjure doctors, conjure man or conjure woman, root doctors, Hoodoo doctors, and swampers. Following the Great Migration of African-Americans, Hoodoo spread throughout the United States. This tradition is part of the African-American cultural heritage of spirituality and religion. Hoodoo is a syncretic spiritual system that combines Christianity, Islam brought over by enslaved West African Muslims, and Spiritualism. During the transatlantic slave trade, about 40 percent of Africans taken to the United States were Bantu-Kongo. Many of the practices are similar to other African Diaspora traditions as the practices come from the Bakongo people in Central Africa.

Hoodoo is an African Diaspora tradition created during the time of slavery in the United States, and is an esoteric system of African-American occultism. Hoodoo evolved from various traditional African religions and practices, and in the American South, incorporated various elements of indigenous botanical knowledge. Hoodoo is a set of spiritual practices, traditions, and beliefs which were created and concealed from slaveholders by enslaved Africans in North America.